Progress in antitumor activity of diterpenoid alkaloids in plants of Aconitum / 中国中药杂志

Small-molecule compounds with rich sources have diverse structures and activities. The active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) provide new sources for the discovery of new antitumor drugs. Aconitum plants as Chinese medicinal plants have the effects of dispelling wind, removing dampness, warming meridian, and relieving pain. They are mainly used to treat inflammation, pain, rheumatism, and tumors, improve heart function, and dilate blood vessels in clinical practice. Diterpenoid alkaloids are the main active components of Aconitum plants, including C20-, C19-, C18-diterpenoid alkaloids and bis-diterpenoid alkaloids. Stu-dies have demonstrated that diterpenoid alkaloids can effectively treat lung cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer and other cancers. Diterpenoid alkaloids are considered as the most promising natural compounds against cancers. In this review, we summarized the chemical structures and antitumor activities of C20-, C19-, C18-diterpenoid alkaloids and bis-diterpenoid alkaloids extracted from plants of Aconitum, aiming to provide reference for further development of diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum as antitumor drugs.

Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Yiqi Jianpi Huayu Recipe Combined with 5-FU on Gastric Cancer / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To observe the synergistic effect and mechanism of Yiqi Jianpi Huayu (YQJPHY) recipe combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on inhibiting gastric cancer growth, and investigate its possible mechanism through polarization direction of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor micro-environment. Method::A total of forty 615 mice were randomly divided into four groups including control group, YQJPHY(25 g·kg-1) group, 5-FU (25 mg·kg-1) group and combined group (YQJPHY plus 5-FU), with 10 mice in each group. The gastric cancer transplantation model was induced by axillary inoculation of MFC gastric cancer cells. Changes in tumor pathology were observed with hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) method. The contents of M1 and M2 TAMs in tumor tissues were determined with flow cytometry, while the expression of CD206 in tumor was observed with immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expressions of TAM-related genes including interleukin-1β(IL-1β), interleukin-12(IL-12), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), arginase-1(Arg1), and chitinase 3-like 3(Ym1) were detected by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR). Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related epithelial calcium adhesion protein(E-cadherin), nervous calcium adhesion protein(N-cadherin), Zinc finger transcription factor Slug, Snail and Waveform protein (Vimentin) were detected with Real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Result::The gastric cancer cells in tumors were distributed in nest and/or flaky shape, with fibroblastic connective tissue reaction and inflammatory cells infiltrated in interstitium. Coagulative necrosis of tumor was observed in various treatment groups. The amount of residual cancer cells in mouse was as follows from largest to smallest: control group>YQJPHY group>5-FU group>combined group. Immunohistochemical studies showed that all treatment groups can reduce the expression of CD206 in the tumor, and the effect was most obvious in the combined group. The contents of M2-TAM in all treatment groups were lower than those in control group(P<0.05, P<0.01), and the most significant difference in the content of M2-TAMs was shown between the control group and the combined group. The contents of M1 TAMs were increased in YQJPHY and combined groups(P<0.05, P<0.01), with the largest incremental range in YQJPHY group. The expressions of Arg1 and Ym1 in YQJPHY and combined groups were lower, while IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-12 levels were higher than those in control group(P<0.05). The mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-12 and TNF-α in the combined group were significantly higher, while Arg1 and Ym1 mRNA expression levels were lower than those in the 5-FU group(P<0.05). As compared with the control group, the mRNA and protein expression levels of E-cadherin were up-regulated(P<0.05), while the mRNA expression levels of N-cadherin and Vimentin were down-regulation in the YQJPHY group (P<0.05), E-cadherin mRNA and protein expression levels were up-regulated, while N-cadherin, Slug, Snail, Vimentin mRNA expression as well as N-cadherin and Slug protein expression levels were down-regulated in the combined group(P<0.05). As compared with the 5-FU group, the mRNA and protein expression levels of E-cadherin were up-regulated(P<0.05), while the mRNA and protein expression levels of N-cadherin, Slug and Vimentin were down-regulated in the combined group(P<0.05). Conclusion::YQJPHY has an inhibitory effect on the growth of gastric cancer, and after being combined with 5-FU, it has a good synergistic effect on inhibiting the growth of gastric cancer and decreasing EMT. The mechanism may be related to promoting the conversion from M2-TAMs to M1-TAMs in gastric tumor micro-environment.

Identification of Astragalus and its adulterants based on ITS2sequence and secondary structure / 药学学报

To effectively identify the Astragalus and its adulterants based on ITS2 sequence and secondary structure, in this study, 32 portions of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Beg.) Hsiao and Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. collected were conducted ITS2 sequence amplification and bidirectional sequencing, whose results were then spliced by CExpress software remove the 5.8S and 28S sequences at both ends to obtain a complete ITS2 sequence. In addition, 3 ITS2 sequences for each of the adulterants of Astragalus, respectively, Oxytropis coerulea, Caragana sinica, Hedysarum polybotrys, Althaea rosea were downloaded from GenBank. The intra-specific and inter-specific genetic distances were calculated by the software MEGA7 to analyze the difference of each sequence; the Neighbor-joining (NJ) method was used to construct the phylogenetic tree based on ITS2 sequence (primary structure) as well as joint ITS2 sequence and its secondary structure. The results showed that the average ITS2 sequence length of both A. mongolicus and A. membranaceus was 216 bp, and their average GC content was 50.00% and 50.46%, respectively. The similarity of ITS2 sequence length and GC content between the two kind of Astragalus and Oxytropis coerulea was the highest, while the ITS2 sequence length and GC content of Althaea rosea showed great differences with those of Astragalus. The inter-specific distance between Astragalus and Oxytropis coerulea was the smallest, while that between the medicinal Astragalus and Hedysarum polybotrys, Caragana sinica as well as Althaea rosea was great. The phylogenetic trees constructed based on the ITS2 sequence (primary structure) and joint ITS2 sequence and its secondary structure showed that the topological relations of the two phylogenetic trees were basically the same, and both could effectively identify the Astragalus and its adulterants. What’s more, the addition of secondary structure information made end branch of the phylogenetic tree become more in its construction, and the distinguish ability and approval rating were also improved, which further reflected the genetic relationship of Astragalus and its adulterants. This provides some scientific basis for classification and accurate identification of Astragalus and its adulterants.

Observation on Effect of Atractylodesin Ⅱ on Gastric Cancer Cells Based on Macrophage Polarization / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the anti-tumor effect mechanism of atractylenolide Ⅱ by studying its effect on macrophage polarization. Method:Phorbol myristate acetate （PMA） was used to induce THP-1 cells differentiation into macrophages， and methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide（MTT）colorimetric assay was used to detect the effect of different concentrations of atractylenolide Ⅱ on macrophage growth at different time points to screen out the safe concentration of atractylenolide Ⅱ. The macrophages were treated with different concentrations of atractylenolide Ⅱ for 24 hours and then were co-cultured with gastric cancer cells. The survival of the two types of cells was observed under light microscope. The proliferation of gastric cancer cells was detected by MTT assay to determine the effective administration concentrations of atractylenolide Ⅱ. Cells were divided into blank group， model group， atractylenolide Ⅱ high dose group （200 mg·L-1）， atractylenolide Ⅱ medium dose group （100 mg·L-1）， and atractylenolide Ⅱ low dose group（50 mg·L-1）. Wound healing assay was carried out to observe the effects of different concentrations of atractylenolide Ⅱ on the migration and morphology of gastric cancer cells. The expression levels of M1 and M2 macrophage surface markers CD86 and CD206 were detected by flow cytometry analysis（FCM）. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR）and Western blot were used to detect M1， M2 macrophage-associated tumor necrosis factor （TNF） -α， human leukocyte antigen 2 （HLA-DRA）， CD80， transforming growth factor （TGF）-β， interleukin （IL） -10 and IL-6 genes and protein expression. Western blot was used to detect intracellular phosphatidyl inositol kinase （PI3K） and p-PI3K protein expression in macrophages. Result:When the concentration of atractylenolide Ⅱ was 1， 10， 50， 100， 200 mg·L-1， it showed no inhibition on macrophage growth. As compared with the model group， macrophages treated with 50， 100， 200 mg·L-1 atractylenolide Ⅱ significantly inhibited tumor cell proliferation （P<0.01）. As compared with the model group， the migration rate of tumor cells in the atractylenolide Ⅱ （200，100 mg·L-1） groups decreased （P<0.05）. The expression levels of CD86 on M1 macrophage surfacen in the atractylenolide Ⅱ （200，100，50 mg·L-1） groups were increased（P<0.05，P<0.01）， and the expression levels of CD206 on M2 macrophagen in the atractylenolide Ⅱ （200 mg·L-1） group were decreased （P<0.05）. The expression levels of M1 macrophage-associated cytokines TNF-α， HLA-DRA， CD80 mRNA in the atractylenolide Ⅱ （200，100 mg·L-1） groups were increased（P<0.05，P<0.01）， and TNF-α protein expression in the atractylenolide Ⅱ （200 mg·L-1） group was increased （P<0.05）， M2 type macrophage-associated cytokine TGF-β mRNA expression levels in the atractylenolide Ⅱ （50 mg·L-1） group were decreased， and IL-10， IL-6 protein expression levels in the atractylenolide Ⅱ （200 mg·L-1） group were decreased （P<0.05，P<0.01）. The expression levels of p-PI3K protein in the atractylenolide Ⅱ （200，100 mg·L-1） groups were also decreased（P<0.05，P<0.01）. Conclusion:Atractylenolide Ⅱ could induce the polarization of macrophages to M1 type by reducing the expression of p-PI3K in macrophages and inhibiting the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells.

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of NSCLP in Gansu Province from 2010 to 2016 / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To investigate the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate (NSCLP) who born in Gansu Province from 2010 to 2016, and to establish a predictive model for developing the strategies for the prevention and control of NSCLP. Methods Spatial epidemiological research method and geographical information systems (GIS) were used to conduct thematic mapping, spatial correlation analysis, high/low clustering analysis, hotspot analysis and Kirging interpolation prediction for NSCLP patients in Gansu Province from 2010 to 2016. Results From 2010 to 2016, the aggregation trend of NSCLP incidence in 89 counties in Gansu Province was different obviously, the southeast area was high and the northwest was low. Based on the data of the cumulative incidence of NSCLP from 2010 to 2016 in Gansu, the spatial distribution of NSCLP presented positive spatial correlation (Moran’I=0.274，Z=7.814，P<0.001) and the aggregation type was high-high cluster(Getis Gi=0.000 003，Z=4.381，P<0.001), with 22 hot spots. The Kirging interpolation prediction results showed that the main prevalence trend of NSCLP in Gansu extended from Longdong to Longxi and Longnan areas. Conclusions The geographical distribution of NSCLP had a positive spatial correlation and a high-high aggregation type in Gansu from 2010 to 2016. The high aggregation area is concentrated in Longdong, Longxi and Longnan of Gansu, which suggest that it is essential to focus on prevention and control in these areas.

Tetrahydrobiopterin Protects against Radiation-induced Growth Inhibition in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). BH4 therapy can reverse the disease-related redox disequilibrium observed with BH4 deficiency. However, whether BH4 exerts a protective effect against radiation-induced damage to cardiomyocytes remains unknown.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clonogenic assays were performed to determine the effects of X-ray on H9c2 cells with or without BH4 treatment. The contents of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in H9c2 cells were measured to investigate oxidative stress levels. The cell cycle undergoing radiation with or without BH4 treatment was detected using flow cytometry. The expression levels of proteins in the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/P53 signaling pathway, inducible NOS (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS) were examined using Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>X-ray radiation significantly inhibited the growth of H9c2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, whereas BH4 treatment significantly reduced the X-ray radiation-induced growth inhibition (control group vs. X-ray groups, respectively, P< 0.01). X-ray radiation induced LDH release, apoptosis, and G0/G1 peak accumulation, significantly increasing the level of MDA and the production of NO, and decreased the level of SOD (control group vs. X-ray groups, respectively, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). By contrast, BH4 treatment can significantly reverse these processes (BH4 treatment groups vs. X-ray groups, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). BH4 reversed the X-ray radiation-induced expression alterations of apoptosis-related molecules, including B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X protein, and caspase-3, and molecules of the PI3K/Akt/P53 signaling pathway. BH4 enhanced the production of NO in 2 Gy and 4 Gy radiated groups by upregulating eNOS protein expression and downregulating iNOS protein expression.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>BH4 treatment can protect against X-ray-induced cardiomyocyte injury, possibly by recoupling eNOS rather than iNOS. BH4 treatment also decreased oxidative stress in radiated H9c2 cells.</p>

Preventive effect of low-dose carvedilol combined with candesartan on the cardiotoxicity of anthracycline drugs in the adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of low-dose carvedilol combined with candesartan in the prevention of acute and chronic cardiotoxicity of anthracycline drugs in adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty patients were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group with chemotherapy plus low-dose carvedilol combined with candesartan (20 cases) and control group with chemotherapy alone (20 cases). The same chemotherapy was given to the two groups. All the 40 patients had no contraindication for carvedilol and candesartan. Patients of the experimental group received low-dose carvedilol from 2.5 mg orally twice a day at first cycle to 5 mg twice a day gradually if no side reactions, and candesartan 2.5 mg orally once a day. Electrocardiogram, ultrasonic cardiogram, arrhythmia, troponin and non-hematologic toxicity were recorded and compared after the second, forth and sixth cycle of chemotherapy. Each cycle included 21 days.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>LVEF was decreased along with the prolongation of chemotherapy in the experimental group and control group. LVEDD and LVESD showed no significant changes in the experimental group, but gradually increased in the control group. After four and six cycles of chemotherapy, LVEF were (57.00 ± 5.13)% and (45.95 ± 3.68)%, respectively, in the control group, significantly lower than that of (67.00 ± 5.13)% and (57.50 ± 2.57)%, respectively, in the experimental group (P < 0.05). After six cycles of chemotherapy, LVEDD and LVESD were (50.00 ± 10.48) mm and (35.01 ± 2.99) mm, respectively, in the control group, significantly higher than those before chemotherapy (P < 0.05) and experimental group (P < 0.001). The rate of ST segment and T wave abnormalities was 80.0% in the control group after six cycles of chemotherapy, significantly higher than that of 25.0% after four cycles of chemotherapy (P = 0.001) and 10.0% after two cycles of chemotherapy (P < 0.001). The reduction of QRS voltage, arrhythmia and abnormal troponin were 55.0%, 45.0% and 45.0%, respectively, in the control group, significantly higher than those in the experimental group (20.0%, P < 0.05), (10.0%, P = 0.010) and (10.0%, P < 0.05), respectively. The rate of abnormal expression of troponin was 45.0% in the control group, significantly higher than the 10.0% in the experimental group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The use of low-dose carvedilol combined with candesartan can reduce the acute and chronic cardiotoxicity of anthracycline drugs, and with tolerable toxicities. This may provide a new approach to prevent cardiotoxicity of anthracycline drugs in adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer.</p>

Autologous cytokine-induced killer cells therapy on the quality of life of patients with breast cancer after adjuvant chemotherapy: a prospective study / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effect of autologous cytokine-induced killer cells on the quality of life in patient with breast cancer who have already finished the adjuvant chemotherapy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and twenty-eight postoperative patients with breast cancer who underwent anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled in this prospective study, and they were randomized into 2 groups, i.e., treatment group, which received the therapy of CIK cells transfusion, and control group, which was given regular follow-up. Meanwhile, patients with positive hormone receptor in the two groups were given endocrine therapy, and the patients with positive axillary lymph nodes were given radiotherapy to the chest wall and regional lymph nodes. The difference of quality of life between the two groups was analyzed according to the EORTC QLQ-BR53 quality of life questionnaire, and the adverse reactions were monitored.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>As regarding the functional evaluation, the physical function scores of patients of the treatment group were (83.43 ± 14.87) and (88.55 ± 11.62) at 3 and 6 months after the CIK cell therapy, respectively, significantly higher than the baseline value [(74.83 ± 13.82), P < 0.05)]. Global health status/QOL scores were (83.30 ± 19.09) and (89.68 ± 10.81), significantly higher than the baseline value [(77.72 ± 21.05), P < 0.05]. As regarding symptoms, the scores of fatigue, nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite of patients in the treatment group were higher than the baseline value, with significant differences (P < 0.05). The nausea and vomiting scores in the control group at 3 and 6 months of followed-up were (26.67 ± 22.56) and (21.47 ± 21.06), significantly lower than the baseline values [(33.31 ± 27.07), P < 0.05]. The scores of worrying about the future in the patients of treatment group were (47.56 ± 30.84) and (42.33 ± 26.95) after 3 and 6 months, significantly better than the baseline value [(57.41 ± 30.63), P < 0.05]. The systematic therapy side effects scores were (31.95 ± 27.52) and (23.72 ± 22.87), significantly better than the baseline value [(40.56 ± 26.28), P < 0.05]. The scores of arm edema were (45.26 ± 25.42) and (36.61 ± 20.51), significantly milder than the baseline value [(55.11 ± 22.82), P < 0.05]. In the control group, the scores of arm edema were (44.85 ± 28.94) and (38.64 ± 23.68), significantly lower than the baseline values [(53.26 ± 23.84) points, P < 0.05]. Alopecia scores were (29.93 ± 24.72) and (24.18 ± 22.66), significantly lower than the baseline values [(35.92 ± 22.08), P < 0.05]. In the treatment group, the patients' physical function, social function and global health status/QOL, fatigue, insomnia, and worrying about the future rates were significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05 for all). Three patients after CIK reinfusion had transient fever, and 6 cases felt pain in the lower limb, but the symptoms were relieved after symptomatic treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Therapy of autologous CIK cells transfusion can significantly improve the quality of life of breast cancer patients, and the adverse reactions during the treatment can be alleviated by symptomatic treatment.</p>

Misdiagnosis and management of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm of vertebral artery after Harms technique of C₁-C₂ fixation / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Harms technique of C₁-C₂ fixation for atlantoaxial complex becomes more popular due to good fusion rate and low vertebral artery injury (VAI) rate. But considering the unique and variable anatomy of atlantoaxial complex, iatrogenic VAI will result in catastrophic consequences and provides particular surgical challenges for surgeons. To our knowledge, comparing with iatrogenic VAI in the screw hole, iatrogenic VAI in the "open space" is much rarer during the Harms technique of C₁-C₂ fixation. In this article, we present a case of iatrogenic vertebral artery pseudoaneurysm after Harms technique of posterior C₁-C₂ fixation. This case of iatrogenic VAI effectively treated by endovascular coil occlusion and external local compression was initially misdiagnosed as VAI by pedicle screw perforation. It can be concluded that intraoperative or postoperative computed angiography is very helpful to diagnose the exact site of VAI and the combination of endovascular coil occlusion as well as external local compression can further prevent bleeding and abnormal vertebral artery flow in the pseudoaneurysm. However, patients treated require further follow-up to confirm that there is no recurrence of the pseudoaneurysm.

Endovascular Treatment of Traumatic Pseudoaneurysm Presenting as Intractable Epistaxis

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical efficacy of individual endovascular management for the treatment of different traumatic pseudoaneurysms presenting as intractable epistaxis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For 14 consecutive patients with traumatic pseudoaneurysm presenting as refractory epistaxes, 15 endovascular procedures were performed. Digital subtraction angiography revealed that the pseudoaneurysms originated from the internal maxillary artery in eight patients; and all were treated with occlusion of the feeding artery. In six cases, they originated from the internal carotid artery (ICA); out of which, two were managed with detachable balloons, two with covered stents, one by means of cavity embolization, and the remaining one with parent artery occlusion. All of these cases were followed up clinically from six to 18 months, with a mean follow up time of ten months; moreover, three cases were also followed with angiography. RESULTS: Complete cessation of bleeding was achieved in all the 15 instances (100%) immediately after the endovascular therapies. Of the six patients who suffered from ICA pseudoaneurysms, one presented with a permanent stroke and one had an episode of rebleeding requiring intervention. CONCLUSION: In patients presenting with a history of craniocerebral trauma, traumatic pseudoaneurysm must be considered as a differential diagnosis. Individual endovascular treatment is a relatively safe, plausible, and reliable means of managing traumatic pseudoaneurysms.

Transcatheter Embolization of a Ruptured Internal Pudendal Artery Pseudoaneurysm in a Patient with Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is an autosomal dominant disorder. Pseudoaneurysms formation and rupture is an unusual complication of neurofibromatosis. To date, pseudoaneurysm of the internal pudendal artery associated with NF-1 has not been reported. In this article, we present a 62-yr-old man with NF-1 suffering from spontaneous hematoma of the perinea and scrotum. A digital substraction angiography disclosed a ruptured pseudoaneurysm of the right internal pudendal artery, which was successfully managed with transcatheter embolization.

Giant Cavernous Aneurysm Associated with a Persistent Trigeminal Artery and Persistent Otic Artery

Primitive trigeminal artery (PTA) and primitive otic artery (POA) is a very rare entity in adult life. We present a case of PTA and POA associated with a giant unruptured cavernous aneurysm in a 54-year-old woman. The PTA and the POA arose from the sac of the aneurysm directly, which greatly complicated endovascular therapy management.

Relation of lymphatic microvessel density detected by monoclonal antibody D2-40 with VEGF-C expression in breast cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the relationship of lymphatic micovessel density (LMVD) detected by monoclonal antibody D2-40) with the VEGF-C expression in human breast cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Tissue samples of 102 breast cancers, 25 breast fibroadenomas and 10 normal breasts were collected. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detected the lymphatic micovessels with monoclonal antibody D2-40. The expression of VEGF-C was detect by SP immunohistochemistry, and VEGF-C mRNA by hybridization in situ.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 102 breast cancers, the positive rate of D2-40 was 76.5% (78/102), higher than that in the breast fibroadenomas. LMVD in the periphery of breast cancer was 30.1 lymphatic microvessels per x 100 field of vision, which was significantly higher than that in the central area of the tumors (P = 0.000). The LMVD in the periphery of the breast cancers was correlated with the number of metastatic lymph nodes (r = 0.964, P < 0.01). The positive rates of VEGF-C protein and mRNA were 55.9% (57/102) and 59.8% (61/102), respectively, significantly higher than that in the breast fiberoadenomas and normal breast tissues (chi2 = 11.653, P = 0.003; chi2 = 10.345, P = 0.006), and were significantly correlated with the status of lymph node metastasis, clinical stage and the expressions of c-erbB-2 and p53 protein (P < 0.05). Both of VEGF-C protein and mRNA were significantly correlated with LMVD detected by D2-40 (P < 0.05), especially with the LMVD in the periphery of breast cancers (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The monoclonal antibody D240 can be used to detect the lymphatic endothelium in human breast cancer. The lymphatic microvessel density in the periphery of breast cancer is correlated with the lymph node metastasis and expression of VEGF-C. Therefore, VEGF-C may play a significant role in the lymphangiogenesis leading to metastasis of breast cancer.</p>

Clinical value of virtual three-dimensional instrument and cerebral aneurysm models in the interventional preoperative simulation / 中华放射学杂志

Objective To establish virtual three-dimensional instrument and cerebral aneurysm models by using three-dimensional moulding software,and to explore the effect of the models in interventional preoperative simulation.Methods The virtual individual models including cerebral arteries and aneurysms were established by using the three-dimensional moulding software of 3D Studio MAX R3 based on standard virtual cerebral aneurysm models and individual DSA image.The virtual catheter,guide wire,stent and coil were also established.The study of interventional preoperative simulation was run in personal computer,and included 3 clinical cases.Results The simulation results of the working angle and the moulding angle of the head of catheter and guide wire in 3 cases were identical with that of operation results. The simulation results of the requirement of number and size of coil in 1 case of anterior communicating aneurysm and 1 case of posterior communicating aneurysm were identical with that of operation results.The simulation results of coil for aneurysmal shape in 1 case of giant internal carotid artery aneurysm were more than 2 three-dimensional coils with size of 3mm?3 cm from the operation results,and the position of the second coil in aneurysmal neck was adjusted according to the results of real-time simulation.The results of retrospective simulation of operation procedure indicated that the simulation methods for regular and small aneurysms could become a routine simulation means but more simulation experience was needed to build up for the giant aneurysms.Conclusions The virtual three-dimensional instrument and cerebral aneurysm models established by the general software provided a new study method for neuro-interventional preoperative simulation,and it played an important guidance role in developing neuro- interventional operation.